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Guaymas ((:ˈɡwajmas)) is a city located in Guaymas Municipality in the southwest part of the state of Sonora in northwestern Mexico. The city is located 117 km south of the state capital of Hermosillo, and 242 miles from the U.S. border, and is the principal port for the state.〔 The municipality is located in the Sonora Desert〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= GUAYMAS / SAN CARLOS )〕 and has a hot, dry climate and 117 km of beaches.〔 The municipality’s formal name is Guaymas de Zaragoza and the city’s formal name is the Heróica Ciudad de Guaymas.〔 The city proper is mostly an industrial port, with nearby San Carlos being the major tourist attraction for its beaches. The city also has a well-attended annual carnival, which has been held since 1888. ==History== Before the arrival of the Europeans, the areas now known as Guaymas was dominated by the Guaymas, Seri and Yaqui tribes. In 1539, two Spanish ships, the ''Santa Agueda'' and ''El Trinidad'', arrived in Guaymas Bay. They were commanded by Francisco de Ulloa, who called the area “the port of ports.” Some small Jesuit missions in the area were founded in the 1610s and 1620s,〔 when Jesuits founded eight mission villages with the Yaqui. The Seri strongly opposed the settlement of Europeans and resisted fiercely until 1769. Juan María de Salvatierra and Eusebio Kino asked for permission to evangelize the area, which was received in 1697.〔 In 1701, Salvatierra came to this area and established the Loreto mission somewhat inland from where Guaymas is now. To receive supplies by ship and evangelize the Guaymas Indians, the Jesuits founded another small mission on the bay, which they called San José de Guaymas. It was headed by Manuel Diaz. The Seri repeatedly attacked the San José mission, forcing it to be abandoned and rebuilt several times.〔〔 The last time this mission was abandoned was in 1759.〔 In 1767, Viceroy Marqués de Croix ordered a major military offensive, the Sonora Expedition, to subdue the Seri and Pima tribes. After doing so, the Spanish colonials built an adobe fort with four towers in Guaymas, initially under the command of Captain Lorenzo Cancio. No traces of the fort remain today, but the San José mission is marked by a church located on the road leading to Empalme.〔 Around the same time, the colonists formally mapped the Guaymas Bay and officially founded the city of Guaymas in 1769 by José Gálvez in Real de Alamos on behalf of the viceregal government.〔〔 Despite the decree, no colonists settled there until the early 19th century.〔 In the late 18th and early 19th century, there was supposedly only one inhabitant in Guaymas, called “Tio Pepe” (Uncle Pepe), who was said to be a drunk and a thief.〔 At the beginning of the 19th century, the village began to be populated by farmers and ranchers, who held large properties but did not have markets for their products. Farming was on a subsistence level.〔 In 1811, commercial maritime traffic was authorized, and customs were established later in 1823.〔 Guaymas received the name San Fernando de Guaymas in 1820. Ships visited the bay intermittently but only one house was here for customs purposes. In this era, it was safer to travel by sea than by land; Guaymas became an important stopping point for those heading north or south.〔 The first commercial imports came through here in 1827.〔 With the population of the area by European-Mexicans, the Guaymas moved to a town called Belén. They eventually disappeared as a distinct group.〔 The port became a municipality in 1825.〔 During the Mexican American War, American warships such as the ''Portsmouth'', the ''Congress'', the ''Dale'' and the ''Argos'' anchored here near the Pajaros Island and the Almagre Grande. The ships fired on the town and captured it, keeping it in U.S. hands from 1847 to 1848.〔 In the mid-19th century, Guaymas was the target of several filibusters, or unauthorized military expeditions from foreign nations, designed to foment rebellion. One was done by the crew of the English sailing vessel “Challenge” and a French ship named ''La Belle'' commanded by Count Gastón Raousett-Boulbón, who intended to take over all of Sonora. The French attacked the city on 13 July 1854, but the port was successfully defended by José María Yáñez. A firing squad executed the count soon afterwards. The national government elevated the town to city status as a reward for this action in 1859. Later, in 1935, it gave Guaymas the title of “heroic city” for the same action.〔 The municipality’s formal name of Guaymas de Zaragoza was authorized in 1862.〔 In 1865, French ships arrived to attack Republican forces, which were forced to retreat. The French occupied the city until 1866.〔 By 1890, the city had 10,000 residents〔 and was relatively prosperous. The Carnival tradition it established then continues to this day.〔 During the Mexican Revolution, the first ever aerial bombardment of a naval target occurred just off the coast of Guaymas: in 1913, five military ships belonging to Federal forces appeared in the bay, and General Alvaro Obregon of the rebel army ordered the bombing of these ships using the aircraft “Sonora.”〔 The first modern port facilities were built in 1925 for the Mexican navy. In 1942 a commercial pier and warehouse were built at La Ardilla. Guaymas’ importance as a port grew in the 1950s, and in 1961, a pier for the national oil company PEMEX was built. A naval ship repair station, called the ''Varadero Nacional,'' and silos for the export of grain, called the ''Almacenes Nacional de Depósito,'' were built in 1964. Ferry connection with the city of Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur was established in 1972. In the 1980s, a number of private construction projects further enlarged the port, including those built by the Compañía Mexicana de Cobre, Cementos Tolteca and Compañía Mexicana de Ácido Sulfúrico.〔 Due to changes in Mexican maritime law, a private company under contract to the government, Administración Portuaria Integral de Guaymas, took over port operations in 1995.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Guaymas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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